Blood pressure is a critical vital sign reflecting the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the arteries. It serves as an indicator of cardiovascular health and is essential for diagnosing conditions like hypertension and hypotension.
The test is commonly referred to as "Blood Pressure Measurement" (BP). It consists of two key readings: systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP).
Blood pressure represents the interplay between cardiac output and systemic vascular resistance. Systolic pressure reflects the force during ventricular contraction, while diastolic pressure indicates arterial pressure during cardiac relaxation.
Blood pressure measurement is indicated for screening and monitoring hypertension, assessing cardiovascular risk, evaluating shock, and guiding treatment for heart failure or renal conditions.
Blood pressure is measured non-invasively using a sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope or electronically via automated devices. Proper patient positioning and cuff sizing are crucial for accuracy.
Normal blood pressure is generally defined as an SBP less than 120 mmHg and a DBP less than 80 mmHg. Variations can occur based on age, sex, and individual health status.
Elevated readings (e.g., >130/80 mmHg) may indicate hypertension, which increases the risk of cardiovascular events. Low readings (<90/60 mmHg) might suggest hypotension, associated with inadequate perfusion.
Blood pressure can be influenced by factors like stress, physical activity, medications, caffeine intake, and white-coat syndrome. Proper technique and environment are essential for reliable results.
Related assessments include lipid panels, fasting glucose, and electrocardiograms (ECGs) to evaluate cardiovascular health and risks comprehensively.
A 45-year-old male presents with persistent headaches and blurred vision. Blood pressure measurement reveals 160/100 mmHg, leading to a diagnosis of stage 2 hypertension and initiation of antihypertensive therapy.
Blood pressure measurement can be affected by user error, improper cuff size, or transient conditions. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring may provide a more accurate reflection of daily variations.
Abnormal readings warrant lifestyle modification, medication, and regular monitoring. Further evaluation may include echocardiography or renal function tests, depending on the clinical context.
Blood pressure is a vital marker of cardiovascular health. Accurate measurement and interpretation are essential for diagnosing and managing conditions that significantly impact patient outcomes.